..
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95 | //
// Bit manipulation is a very powerful tool, also from Zig.
// Since the dawn of the computer age, numerous algorithms have been
// developed that solve tasks solely by moving, setting, or logically
// combining bits.
//
// Zig also uses direct bit manipulation in its standard library for
// functions where possible. And it is often possible with calculations
// based on integers.
//
// At first glance, it is often not easy to understand what exactly these
// algorithms do when only "numbers" in memory areas change outwardly.
// However, it should never be forgotten that the numbers only represent
// the interpretation of the bit sequences.
//
// Quasi the reversed case we have otherwise, namely that we represent
// numbers in bit sequences.
//
// We remember: 1 byte = 8 bits = 11111111 = 255 decimal = FF hex.
//
// Zig provides all the necessary functions to change the bits inside
// a variable. It is distinguished whether the bit change leads to an
// overflow or not. The details are in the Zig documentation in section
// "Table of Operators".
//
// Here are some examples of how the bits of variables can be changed:
//
// const numOne: u8 = 15; // = 0000 1111
// const numTwo: u8 = 245; // = 1111 0101
//
// const res1 = numOne >> 4; // = 0000 0000 - shift right
// const res2 = numOne << 4; // = 1111 0000 - shift left
// const res3 = numOne & numTwo; // = 0000 0101 - and
// const res4 = numOne | numTwo; // = 1111 1111 - or
// const res5 = numOne ^ numTwo; // = 1111 1010 - xor
//
//
// To familiarize ourselves with bit manipulation, we start with a simple
// but often underestimated function and then add other exercises in
// loose order.
//
// The following text contains excerpts from Wikipedia.
//
// Swap
// In computer programming, the act of swapping two variables refers to
// mutually exchanging the values of the variables. Usually, this is
// done with the data in memory. For example, in a program, two variables
// may be defined thus (in pseudocode):
//
// data_item x := 1
// data_item y := 0
//
// swap (x, y);
//
// After swap() is performed, x will contain the value 0 and y will
// contain 1; their values have been exchanged. The simplest and probably
// most widely used method to swap two variables is to use a third temporary
// variable:
//
// define swap (x, y)
// temp := x
// x := y
// y := temp
//
// However, with integers we can also achieve the swap function simply by
// bit manipulation. To do this, the variables are mutually linked with xor
// and the result is the same.
const std = @import("std");
const print = std.debug.print;
pub fn main() !void {
// As in the example above, we use 1 and 0 as values for x and y
var x: u8 = 1;
var y: u8 = 0;
// Now we swap the values of the two variables by doing xor on them
x ^= y;
y ^= x;
// What must be written here?
???;
print("x = {d}; y = {d}\n", .{ x, y });
}
// This variable swap takes advantage of the fact that the value resulting
// from the xor of two values contains both of these values.
// This circumstance was (and still is) sometimes used for encryption.
// Value XOR Key = Crypto. => Crypto XOR Key = Value.
// Since this can be swapped arbitrarily, you can swap two variables in this way.
//
// For Crypto it is better not to use this, but in sorting algorithms like
// Bubble Sort it works very well.
|
|
